Memorandum Management and Law

Question: Depict about the Memorandum for Management and Law. Answer: Realities of the case In the accompanying case BC is an organization which is producing vehicles. The organization builds up a self-driving vehicle called the T2016 model that can drive itself utilizing Self-Drive innovation planned in-house by the organization's designers. The organization demands to every one of its clients who need to buy the vehicle that they need to sign an agreement that incorporate ensuing provisos.- You should consistently keep your eyes out and about, your hands on the guiding haggle arranged to assume control over Oneself Drive mode in spite of it being initiated whenever. In case of any case for penetrate of agreement, the companys obligation for pay won't surpass $5,000. Tom plays in the interest of the Australian Olympic paddling group and he bought the vehicle for $20,000. What's more, in and in his scurry to drive his new vehicle, he marked the contact without perusing .The organization sales rep Jill attempted to clarify him all the provisions of the buy contract yet Tom anyway was not intrigued by what she needed to state and rather he continued to take conveyance of his new vehicle. One day he initiated Oneself Drive mode while voyaging, he was exceptionally drained on that day and he nodded off on the driver's seat and the vehicle met with a setback. It was recognized by BC a short time later that Oneself Drive mode on that demanding car was blemished because of the carelessness of one of its specialists he neglected to check the wiring of that specific vehicle. Because of slack cabling, oneself drive mode was incidentally impaired and his vehicle collided with a discard. Shockingly for Tom, he continued leg and arm wounds from the mishap that would forestall him fromcompetitive game for an incredible remainder. Tom is clearly exceptionally disturbed and he sues the organization for contact penetrate (Engineers Australias national congress affirmed another code, 2016). Answers and conversations Customers are the most noteworthy and valuable property for any business association. Organization ought to give and flexibly the merchandise and enterprises which are of top-quality, to the customers at levelheaded rates. No commercial which is phony, lying anddeceptive ought to be introduced before customer.Proper plans ought to be there to deal with client complaints and solicitations. There ought to be a Commitment to give high-class merchandise and the products and items ought to be fitted for the necessary purposes. Client assistance post-deals, administrations , the expense ought to be proper and it ought to be according to guidelines which ought not do not have the nature of the item or administration. The guarantees finished with the Customers ought not be phony. The organization should Repair, supplant, the item not living up to their Customer desires. The organization ought to consistently Respect the clients time. Organization ought not keep their clients pausing. The organization ought not overlook that there are various alternatives accessible in the market Companys misfortune are somebody elses gain (Management Study Guide, (N.A). The organization ought to have after deals administration and it is fundamental and guarantees long haul development and benefits for the association. The organization ought to consistently be in contact with the customers ensuing to the arrangement additionally as in light of the fact that we wish to make due in this ferocious rivalry. We ought not disregard the calls when once we have sold the item. In the event that the client isn't satisfied with the companys item, at that point it is the duty of the organization to supplant it or give an answer for it. Clients inputs ought to be taken which causes our organization to comprehend the fulfillment level of our clients and how we could can improve the item in future (NCAT NSW common and managerial council, 2016). The organization should test the item before it is offered to the client .So that in future comparative time of cases won't happen. At the point when any vehicle is sold by the organization it ought to be roadworthy at the hour of arrangement. A Safety Inspection Report is given to the client, otherwise called formal notice, and it expresses that the methods for transportation is roadworthy. So the organization ought to likewise give formal notice to its clients (Legal and western Australia, N.A). The organization ought to connect to the vehicle a notification containing the genuine points of interest of the vehicle. Since according to engine sellers act 1974, it requires a vendor who offers or shows available to be purchased an engine vehicle, to connect to the vehicle a notification containing the genuine points of interest of the vehicle ( NCAT NSW common and authoritative council, 2016). End Organization needs to take numerous extra activities with the goal that the offer of the organization improves. The premier duty is that purchaser is fulfilled so the organization should take further and more activities for buyer fulfillment. References Expressions Law Center of Australia, (2016) Contracts: Getting it right, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.artslaw.com.au/data sheets/information sheet/gets a presentation/ Cuny School of Law, Drafting a Law Office Memorandum, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.law.cuny.edu/legitimate composition/understudies/reminder/notice 3.html Legitimate and western Australia, (N.A) Motor vehicle mishaps, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/InformationAboutTheLaw/CarsandDriving/mishaps/Pages/GeneralInformation.aspx The executives Study Guide, (N.A), Social Responsibilities of Organization towards Customers got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/social-duties of-association towards-customers.htm NCAT NSW common and regulatory council, (2016) Motor vehicles contextual investigations, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.ncat.nsw.gov.au/Pages/cc/Divisions/Motor_vehicles/Case_studies.page. Smallbiz-assets, (2016) what are the Rights and Responsibilities of Businesses? , Accessed on 16 August 2016 from https://smallbiz-resources.com/what-are-the-rights-and-obligations of-organizations/

Free Essays: Candides Metamorphosis :: Candide essays

Candide's Metamorphosis         In Voltaire's novella, we see the primary character, Candide, as being foolish and rather naïve. However, Candide in the long run liberates himself from the shackles that trouble his dearest savant Pangloss and different characters become a close acquaintence with en route. Candide's excursion back to Cunegonde become a methods for him to rise up out of his willful adolescence.     Candide, which Cassell's French Dictionary characterizes as straightforward, would enormously sum up who the primary character is to be seen as. He will shape his own assessments all through the story to resemble any other person's that would appear to please him. His confidence is placed in various individuals who he meets along his movements, as he attempts to discover his way back to Cunegonde. He considers things to be others would educate him to see them. Also, however it tends to be challenged that he is as yet the equivalent toward the finish of the book, I will contend that he turns into the most liberated from his own chains of deliberate adolescence than any of his companions and confidants.   The book first beginnings off with Candide clinging to each thought put before him by Pangloss. He is held hostage by the absolute most peculiar types of thinking created by Professor Pangloss. In Chapter 1, Pangloss maintains that our noses were made to convey exhibitions, so we have scenes, and that since pigs were made to be eaten, we eat pork all the all year. This defense is absolutely strange and couldn't be applied to any sensible method of thought (particularly the last mentioned, which would be immediately excused by Vegans, Vegetarians, Muslims, and Jews!). After Candide is in the long run exiled from the place of Baron Thunder-ten-tronckh, he is taken in by James (the Anabaptist). In the wake of finding Pangloss in a pitiful state, in the long run Candide, James, and Pangloss set off to Lisbon. As James suffocates, Pangloss prevents Candide from sparing the Anabaptist by saying that the Lisbon harbor was made intentionally for this Anabaptist to suffocate here. These state ments represent the kind of deduction found in Voltaire's day. This was the sort of reasoning that the Enlightenment way of thinking was attempting to escape from, and the kind of hogwash Candide will challenge somewhat toward the end and before long split away from.

How Depression Tests Work

How Depression Tests Work Depression Diagnosis Print Depression Tests That Can Help Determine If You Have a Mood Disorder By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 18, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 08, 2019 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids In This Article Table of Contents Expand Purpose and Uses Screenings Tests Limitations Diagnosis View All There isn’t a single depression test that determines if someone is clinically depressed. Unlike lab tests that diagnose some illnesses, a depression test is just one tool that a professional might use when diagnosing a mental health condition like depression.   Depression tests are often in the form of a questionnaire. A physician or mental health professional may ask the questions orally or an individual may be asked to read and answer the questions on paper or on a digital device.   The answers alone arent enough to determine if someone has depression because a test wont account for other possible reasons for an individuals answers. For example, someone experiencing acute pain may report difficulty sleeping and poor appetiteâ€"but those symptoms may be caused by pain rather than depression. A  clinician would need to take their physical health condition into account after reviewing the test results. Similarly, a treatment provider would also need to take someones environment into account. Someone may report difficulty sleeping not because hes depressed, but because he has a loud neighbor who keeps him up at night. Be aware that depression tests dont allow for explanations. They usually ask someone to report how often certain symptoms occur during a defined time period. A treatment provider would need to probe further to gain suficient information about an individuals symptoms. Purpose and Uses A depression screening doesn’t diagnose depression. It only indicates if symptoms of depression are present and may warrant further evaluation. Depression screenings are often used as a first step in determining whether a physician should inquire more about an individual’s mental health. A patient may be given the screening to complete before seeing the physician or the physician may ask the questions during an exam.   In 2016, the US Preventative Task Force recommended that physicians administer depression screenings to everyone over the age of 18. By asking a few simple questions about a person’s mood, symptoms, and behavior, a physician can determine whether further evaluation is needed. This recommendation was made because depression often goes undetected. Some studies estimate its only recognized about 50 percent of the time. Most physicians are making depression screenings a routine part of an office visit.   But, you dont have to wait until your next doctors appointment to take a depression screening. Depression screenings are also available online. Some websites offer free screening tests that allow individuals to complete in the privacy of their own homes. What Kind of Doctor Should You See for Your Depression? Common Screenings The most common depression screening tool is the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). It indicates whether an individual has symptoms of depression that may require professional intervention. Through a series of nine questions, symptoms are assessed. Some of the areas that are evaluated include appetite changes, fatigue, thoughts of suicide or self-harm, and loss of interest and pleasure in doing things.   If a physician conducts the screening and the score indicates possible depression, you may be interviewed more about your symptoms. Your physician may also assess your physical health to rule out any underlying medical conditions contributing to your symptoms and you may be referred to a mental health professional for further evaluation.   You can also take the PHQ-9 online any time for free.  The Anxiety and Depression Association of America offers the questions. You aren’t given a score, but your answers appear on a printable form. Printing out that form and taking it into your appointment with your physician can be a good way to start the conversation about your mood. Mental Health America offers the PHQ-9 as well. After answering the questions you’ll receive a score and an interpretation of that score as well as recommendations about next steps you might take in getting help. Mental Health America also offers other screenings, such as a bipolar screening test. When a depression screening indicates possible depression, it can be important to take a bipolar screening test too because depression can be part of bipolar disorder. The PHQ-9 offers a modified version for teens. The adolescent PHQ-9 asks the same type of questions as the adult version, but the language is easier to understand. It also asks about school-related difficulties as opposed to occupational issues. If you take a depression screening and it indicates possible depression, schedule an appointment with your physician to talk about it. Your physician may want to do another screening or may refer you to a mental health professional. Common Symptoms of Clinical Depression Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Common Tests Physicians, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and other mental health professionals may use depression tests as part of their evaluation or treatment. Sometimes tests are administered to gain a better understanding of the severity of someones depression, while at other times, an individual may take the same test several times throughout treatment to track their progress. Most depression tests result in a numerical score. That score provides a mental health treatment provider data about a persons depression. There are many tests that may be used to assess depression. Here are some of the most commonly used. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) The Beck Depression Inventory was created by Aaron Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered to ?be the father of cognitive therapy. The current version of the test, the BDI-II, is appropriate for individuals 13 and over. It contains 21 questions, with each being scored on a scale of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe symptoms of depression. Zung Self-Rating Depression Scales (SDS) The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale assesses the severity of a person’s depression. It consists of 20 items that explore the psychological, somatic, and affective aspects of depression. It’s a quick and simple tool. Major Depression Inventory (MDI) The Major Depression Inventory consists of 10 items and individuals rank how often they’ve experienced certain symptoms over the past two weeks (ranging from never to all the time on a Likert scale). The items are then scored and the score indicates the severity of depression (from no depression to severe). Rome Depression Inventory (RDI) The Rome Depression Inventory consists of a series of 25 items that use the phrases most commonly used by depressed individuals to describe their discomfort. Plutchik-Van Praag Self-Report Depression Scale (PVP) The Plutchik-Van Pragg self-report depression scale uses 34 items to cover the diagnostic criteria for depression. Although it was developed for an earlier edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (the DSM-III), it remains relevant today as clinicians use the DSM-5. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a multiple item questionnaire used to identify depression and to evaluate recovery. It’s designed for adults and is used to rate the severity of a person’s depression by evaluating their mood, feelings of guilt, suicidal ideation, anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, and somatic symptoms. Carroll Rating Scale (CRS) The Carroll Rating Scale is a self-report version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). It consists of 52 dichotomous items. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression has been used since the 1970s. It consists of 20 items and the self-report version remains widely used. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) The Children’s Depression Inventory measures the affective, cognitive, and behavioral signs of depression in children between the ages of 7 and 17. Potential Drawbacks While these tests can be very helpful to the diagnosis and treatment of depression, they do have some potential drawbacks as well.   Self-report inventories are based on someones answers to the questions. The scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing the questionnaire.   A person wanting to impress their physician or one who is embarrassed by their symptoms may minimize their symptoms. Similarly, a person who wants to ensure a clinician doesn’t underestimate their suffering may exaggerate how much difficulty they’re experiencing. If a test is administered orally, hearing difficulties or processing disorders may affect a person’s answers. Similarly, a person with poor reading comprehension may not be able to complete a questionnaire accurately. The place in which the test is administered can also impact the answers. If a patient is given a questionnaire to complete in a crowded waiting room or is asked to hand the form to a receptionist, the answers may be different than if the test were given in private or in the presence of a physician only. Additionally, depression impacts the way people think, so individuals who are feeling depressed may not be accurate reporters of their symptoms or they may have poor insight into their symptoms.   What Happens After? If you take a depression test and the scores indicate you may be depressed, a mental health professional is likely going to interview you about your answers and ask more questions to arrive at a clear diagnosis. If you are diagnosed with depression, a mental health professional will discuss treatment options with you. Depending on the type of depression you have, therapy, medication, or a combination of the two may be necessary to treat your symptoms. Find Help With the 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression

Organizational Culture and Its Themes - 3065 Words

International Journal of Business and Management December, 2008 Organizational Culture and Its Themes Shili Sun School of Foreign Languages, Ludong University No.186 Hongqi Middle Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, Shandong Province, China Tel: 86-535-668-1098 Abstract E-mail: shilisun@hotmail.com As one of the key ‘stable factors’, culture within an organization is playing a critical role in the organization’s everyday operations. Although the culture literature has at times focused on the culture of an organization as shared basic assumptions (Schein, 1985), or as metaphors within organizations (Morgan, 1986, 1997), it is not sufficient to attempt to understand and measure them. This paper explores organizational culture†¦show more content†¦3, No. 12 International Journal of Business and Management Whereas Hofstede (1984) wrote of â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another† as the meaning of the term organizational culture, which seems an interesting way of understanding the notion, and despite he ‘discovered’ four areas of work related value differences at that time (power distance; uncertainty avoidance; individualism/collectivism; masculinity/femininity), however, in 1992, Hofstede used the term ‘practices’ to refer to social and cultural phenomena, and in Hofstede’s perspective, it is quite important to locate the deeply held values of organization members at the very center of the organization’s culture. In reality, for some organization members, these values will be so deeply held that they will not be possible to change at all. However, how we choose to define culture has considerable implications for how we attempt to examine and study it, different authoriti es in the literature has introduced different interpretations. In practice, no matter what size or nature it is, an organization might have its own cultureShow MoreRelatedEthics, Leadership And Team Effectiveness1215 Words   |  5 Pagesrelating to ethical leadership and core job characteristics, organizational culture on team interaction for team effectiveness, employee’s participation in decision making with leadership encouragement of creativity, team cognition as it relates to performance in strategic decision-making teams, emotional intelligence and team effectiveness, cross-level influences of empowering leadership, and decades of research on national culture in the workplace. The literature articles were retrieve fromRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Transformational Leaders1345 Words   |  6 Pagesset. The overall TAUPAS / (WOE) assessment is found in the appendix and identifies the five articles that comprise the evidence set, along with the search string. An analysis of the evidence set was conducted by looking for common and conflicting themes across the studies. Analysis Innovation has a broad definition in the literature and is used to describe the process that introduces a new idea, product, or process into an organization and to refer to the outcome of a process introducing somethingRead MoreConsiderations for 21st Century Management and Organizational Cultures777 Words   |  3 PagesConsiderations for 21st Century Management Organizational Cultures The four management themes are intriguing and challenging to current and future managers. People, especially those in leadership positions should always be looking for way to improve. One such method as suggested by the readings includes looking to other countries for new strategies, particularly those countries that are stable and relatively progressive. Such examples would include Switzerland, Sweden, and Japan. No matter whatRead MoreOrganizational Culture Change The Organization Culture Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesworld to hear a new CEO, an organizational consultant, a leadership expert—talk about the urgent need to change the organization culture. Often organizations set high aspirations to â€Å"change the culture† but fall short of modifying the way that people feel, behave and get work done. Culture changes rarely manifest into noticeable long term improvements. It is important to note that corporate cultures are slow to evolve and difficult to change, that is not to say that culture cannot be changed. For startersRead MoreEssay on Organizational Structure of Walt Disney World756 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Structure Throughout the last three to four decades, since Walt Disney World opened its theme park in 1971, the park has undergone an incredible transformation. When the park originally opened only three rides were available and now after adding new rides, attractions, and other developments, there is over forty seven square miles of space. Not only is there the actual theme parks themselves, but Disney also branches out into resorts, hotels, golf courses, campgrounds, water parksRead MoreStrategic Plan Analysis Paper1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussed and analyzed. The Disney theme park is an organization that focuses on customer satisfaction. The management style at the Disney theme park is very diverse and non-traditional. All employees from janitors to performers are called â€Å"cast members.† Managers at the Disney theme park focus on the role of employees in service delivery. Employees are broadly trained in communication, quality awareness, and customer service. Employees at the Disney theme park have regular team meetings for effectivenessRead MoreInclusivity That Defines The Nature Of Modern Leadership1542 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization when in times of a crisis. In light of the above arguments, certain questions fail to find answers both in the book and in the classroom lectures. First, what is the role of leadership in guiding organizational change? This question revolves around the need to initiate organizational change due to such factors as operational inefficiencies, increased competition, and managerial bureaucracies. Literature review of the research and theories in the book Principally, the literature review involvedRead MoreDisney’S Signature Service With A Smile. While Disney’S1555 Words   |  7 Pagesguest service in the United States but in other cultures the overly happy and smiling Disney cast member can be seen as repellent. When Disney copy and pasted their theme parks outside of the United States, they expected the parks to operate and have the same guest service as the parks in the United States. In some cultures, service with a smile is hard for the cast members working in the park. These cultures are usually high context and neutral cultures. It is also odd to the guests in the park whoRead MoreEssay about Leadership Within Ambulance Services679 Words   |  3 PagesThis assignment will focus on; the NHS organisational cultures and theories, leadership cultures and theories, leadership styles, the effect leadership cultures have upon organisational cultures and will address the requirements for modernisation of the ambulance service. All of which will be supported by relevant literature and research. Since 1930 authors have focused on organizational culture as a system of â€Å"socially transmitted behaviour patterns that serve to relate human communities to theirRead MoreOrganizational Theory and The Heart of Change Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrative Paper INTRODUCTION The book The Heart of Change shows the practical side of the theories that are taught in the course textbook. It presents stories of successes and failures based in the application of concepts discussed in Organizational Behavior and Management and in class. Although we talked about several different concepts the ones that are evident in the examples in The Heart Of Change are the more progressive and individual centered approaches. The leadership characteristics

Mt 355 Unit 4 Assignment External Secondary Research

MT 355 Unit 4 Assignment External Secondary Research https://homeworklance.com/downloads/mt-355-unit-4-assignment-external-secondary-research/ Conducting external secondary research can help support the need for a study when addressing a management problem identified for a marketing research proposal. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your ability to conduct secondary research to inform a proposal for a new product idea. In this assignment, you will engage in the development of the following professional competencies: Understands how to approach unstructured problems Scenario: As a marketing researcher working for the McDonalds © Corporation, you are tasked with performing secondary marketing research to inform a†¦show more content†¦For instance, if you decide that McDonald’s should offer French cuisine on their menu, you would try to find an article that provides information on how US consumers have increased their consumption of French cuisine over the past three years. 1. For each article: Provide a brief explanation of how each supports one or all of the possible products you have selected for candidates to be placed on McDonald’s current menu. 1. Provide a very brief summary of the two articles you found. The summary should be approximately one paragraph for each article. 1. Provide a reference list for the articles you have found in APA format. In the past, many students have selected popular products that McDonald’s does not offer, but other restaurants successfully provide. This is an opportunity to use your creativity, so think critically on what products may positively impact the McDonald’s menu of products to increase revenues and profitability. The secondary research used in this assignment should support your new product idea. Remember you are in the process of finding data that will convince a hardened senior executive that your addition to the menu will be good for McDonald’s and their bottom line. For additional requirements in relation to this assignment, see the grading rubric below. Directions for Submitting Your Assignment Revie w the grading rubric below before beginning this activity. For additional helpShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswith the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teachingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesindexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision MakingRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesE-mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM. To order books or for customer service, call 1-800-CALL-WILEY(225-5945). Montgomery, Douglas, C. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Sixth Edition 978-0-470-16992-6 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Author Douglas C. Montgomery is Regents’ Professor of Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic

Addiction as A Lifestyle Free Essays

For several decades, health issues have increased by more than 8.5% each year. According to a recent study conducted by the center for Disease Control and Prevention, 65% of US adults are either overweight or obese. We will write a custom essay sample on Addiction as A Lifestyle or any similar topic only for you Order Now The rate of diabetes are increasing in the United States, with a 27 percent increase seen in the last five years. The high cost of health care also poses a major threat to the nation’s economy. However, health problems can be prevented to a large extent by controlling people’s lifestyle. Group discussions and conversations may help people to adopt a healthy way of living. Therefore, Cybernetics which is the study of conversation/communication and control/regulation can be used to help solve this problems. This study aims at using cybernetics as a model for controlling health problems.AddictionIn developed countries of the world like USA, where the literacy rate is above 95%, people know that leading a healthy lifestyle removes the risk of chronic health issues to a considerable margin. However they most times do not adopt a healthy way of living.   Why? Addiction has ruined the healthy life style of people. For example- people may be addicted to sleeping and do not exercise, addicted to eating foods with high calories that causes them obesity and make them prone to heart problems. Addiction is a condition in which a consistent desire/craving to repeat an addicted behavior exceeds the ability to rationally stop doing so. When the more you have, the more you seem to need to achieve the same effect or result. This effect can be displayed as a positive feedback loop where the want continues expanding within the loop.Some background about feedback loops – Feedback loops are of two forms: negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop. Negative feedback loops strives towards balance and stasis by subtracting error with each cycle. A good example of negative feedback loop is homeostasis, the body’s system for keeping itself chemically and temperature balanced. Positive feedback loops, by comparison, add the variations of each cycle. As a result they can become potentially dangerous as their effect mount with each event. Hypothermia, shock, heatstroke are examples of positive feedback.Figure-1 models addiction (nicotine addiction) as a positive feedback. The desire for smoking continues to increase in the loop for achieving the same level of satisfaction. The first day, Bob needs to smoke once and get satisfied. The second day, he needs to smoke twice to get the same level of satisfaction. Gradually, his cravings and urge to smoke increases along with the frequency.Controlling the Uncontrollable(addiction)The graph above (Figure-1) indicates how the addiction continue to expand in a positive feedback loop. Also, Bateson’s examination of alcohol addiction contended that the very attempt to regain discretion, to be a â€Å"commander of one’s own spirit†, added to the heightening of the alcoholism. Moreover, the Twelve Step Program of Alcoholics Anonymous-which has been effectively adjusted to a huge number of addictive practices, offers recuperation by â€Å"surrendering† that is, by stopping to deliberately try to stop the addiction. Subsequently, the person who is addicted does not have an essential variety to control addiction. At the point when Addiction becomes uncontrollable, how can it be controlled? Ludwig’s research on Alcoholics mind demonstrates that â€Å"developing the right mind frame† (sufficient inspiration) for sobriety improves the probability that an individual can figure out how to resist his addiction .Sufficient inspiration or adequate motivation can solve the puzzle of addiction as an uncontrollable event. The diagram beneath demonstrates the cybernetic approach to deal with controlling health issues by inspiring individuals to follow a sound way of life (work out, yoga, healthy food and so on.), that is abstaining from an unhealthy way of life. Reward/Incentive SystemPeople have various needs including monetary needs, physiological needs, safety needs and esteem needs. An individual can be motivated for performing an activity using proper incentives which may help in fulfilling some of his needs. A reward system could be a web application like Weight Watchers or an organization such as a health club. Below is a model of an incentive system used in motivating a person to exercise regularly. The model also shows that the system can keep refining or modifying the incentive system to make sure that the user is always motivated.Group Affiliation/FriendsGroups, friends and circle of relatives assist in controlling addictions and regulating the manner people live. People develop trust, care and similarity in a group that offer intellectual strength for controlling their cravings. It has additionally been proved that the group association programs offer long- term remedy for addiction in comparison to short-term remedy provided through medication therapy. Self-assist programs like Alcoholics anonymous, rational healing or women for Sobriety, assist in gaining control over addiction through assisting the affected person to integrate into a self-assist group. TrustTrust is a system-related concept and that is a constantly evolving state of information acquisition, processing and feedback. Figure-4 demonstrates the system model of trust between two actors (trustor and trustee). The trustor continually accesses the behavior of the trustee against his mental model of trustworthiness, which results in increased trust if the behavior matches with his mental model otherwise decreased trust. Trustworthiness relies on three variables which relate to perception about the person to be relied on: competence, integrity and benevolence. ‘Competence’ is the perceived potential of the trustee, as measured through indicators which includes training or credentials, experience, and reliable past performance. ‘Integrity’ is the degree to which the trustee is considered to perform with honesty, fairness, and consistency of actions and words. ‘Benevolence’ concerns the extent to which the trustee demonstrates care and consideration for people he or she interacts directly or indirectly.In addition to the above-recognized antecedent variables, trust also relies on the ‘context’ within which the trustor and trustee are embedded. It could affect the extent to which the trustee is rated on antecedent variables particularly competence. For instance, a person may be perceived as competent in one context but no longer in another. Furthermore , it is essential to differentiate between Interactions among unfamiliar others and ongoing interactions among familiar others for trust. In a social system, trust could be unidirectional or bi-directional. Also, trust may be commutative.After the developement of trust, the trustor (Alice) feels confident and becomes willing to take actions based on the suggestions, actions and decisions of the trustee (Bob) to an extent proportional to the trust level in the trustee. Now, when Bob says that he controlled his blood sugar level by following the recipes from the diabetic cook-book, Alice feels confident the same recipes in the diabetic cook-book works and she is now motivated to follow them too. It also gives her a social proof of the reliability of the recipes from the diabetic cook-book. Figure-6 is the conversation model of this trust and social proof scenario between Alice and Bob.CareCare is also a continously evolving state of information aquisition, processing and feedback.Similarity, trust, understanding and reciprocity make the important variables. It is also dependent on context and familiarity/relationship between individuals. Below is a figure which shows a model of care between Alice and Bob and how care helps them for abstinence. Bob’s behavior is matched to Alice’s mental model of a person she would like to care for. If there is a positive match,then the care for Bob increases otherwise it decreases. When there is a match, she cares about what Bob’s expectations are from her. She feels a sense of responsibility/accountability for Bob’s expectations because she does not want to disappoint him. Similarly, Bob also does a behavior assessment of Alice against a mental model of a person she would like to care for. Its also important to note that both may have different perceptions or mental models of the persons they may like to care for. Also, care may be unidirectional as well. Now when Bob makes a suggestion to Alice about losing weight, she feels responsible/ accountable for losing weight as she cares about Bob. Similarly, Bob feels responsible/accountable for not smoking when Alice asks him to quit smoking. How to cite Addiction as A Lifestyle, Papers

Kit’s Case and Explanation of Case Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Kits Case and Explanation of Case Decisions. Answer: Residence An Australian permanent resident describes a non-citizen who is the holder of a permanent visa. A person who holds a permanent resident visa can live, study as well as work in Australian unrestricted in any way. Such an individual enjoys the most rights as well as entitlements of citizen (Shaw 2014). However, there exist few differences exist between a permanent resident and a citizen of Australia. Unlike a citizen who enjoys an automatic right to entry to Australia, a permanent resident is restricted to international travel and can only do so with a valid travel authority in case a permanent resident wishes to return to Australia. Another difference relates to the right to vote in Australian Government elections (Shaw 2014). A permanent resident in most cases is restricted and has to be enrolled to vote as British subject prior to 1984 to be eligible to vote. In the present Kits case, the features and conditions for a permanent resident are met by him (Shaw 2014). Accordingly, Kit i s a resident of Australia since he holds a permanent visa. Owning a permanent visa in Australian is a critical requirement to becoming a citizen of Australia. Kit has lived in Australia together with his family in the past four years legally, and has met all the requirements to even apply for Australian citizenship. Nothing hinders Kit from becoming a citizen since he has met the requirement that dictates that one has to be a permanent resident prior to applying for citizenship. It can be asserted with no sensible uncertainty that Kit holds a perpetual visas which has conceded him a lasting living arrangement from the data given. Kit has the privilege to stay in Australia inconclusively. Kit will, subsequently, not infringe upon any law and can actually stay in Australia until the end of time. It ought to be noticed that Kit is not a citizen of Australia. Citizenship varies from lasting home. Once an individual has gained the lasting inhabitant of Australia, he has the alternative, in the event that he meets every one of the necessities, to end up a citizen of Australia (Robertson 2008). Nonetheless, as displayed for Kit's situation, he is by all accounts living in Australia for all time, however not as a citizen since he has held his Chilean Citizenship. Kit can in any case live in Australia as a perpetual inhabitant as it were. Kit is, subsequently, a migrant inhabitant of Australia, who hold a permanent residence visa and has the decision to stay in Australia uncertainly (Shaw 2014). One can move to Australia through family, humanitarian status or occupation. The visas of Australia are given in augmentations of five years, and they then are citizen subject to recharging. Since Kit's visa is legitimate, he has the privilege to enter or leave Australia at will. From the discussion, it is apparent that Kit is legally allowed to stay in Australia indefinitely. Consequently, it is at the discretion of Kit to decide whether he will go back to Chile or stay perman ently in Australian since he has met all the conditions required of him to become a permanent resident and can even apply to become an Australian citizen. Sources of Income Australian government dictates the eligibility to its services and benefits for both non-citizens and citizens. The government does this through the agency with the policy responsibility for the benefit or service. The examples of the benefits and services include social security and national health scheme (Medicare). In determining the sources of income for Kit, there is a need to take into consideration the taxation law of Australia. Assessable income in Australian has to be determined before understanding the income of an individual. From the data given, the both Kit and his wife possess a consolidated bank account with Westpac Bank. The spouse gets his pay straight into his financial balance. In any case, whatever is left of their speculations, for example, offer portfolio that produces profit income, stay in Chile. Kit gets his income from different sources. Sine Kit is a permanent resident of Australia, but owns investments overseas, he gets income from capital gains on oversea s assets. This income from abroad are taxable according to Australia Tax law. Kit will be required to declare income from Chile in his Australian tax return. However, in case Kit continues to pay tax on any of his investments in Chile, he can claim a foreign income tax offset in Australia thereby getting income (Ewing 2010). In any case, he gets his wage from the compensation being paid straightforwardly to his bank account from his employer where he deals with an oil rig for a United States organization in Indonesia. Being a permanent occupant, Kit is ineligible for the Living Away from Home Allowance in spite of investing the vast majority of his energy far from home. However, he will be liable to Medicare Levy and in addition an extra charge (Ewing 2010). Kit will be that as it may, increase such advantages as government disability framework, procuring a Medicare card and additionally access to the Australian free wellbeing framework. The second wellspring of Kit's wage is the ab road property (Cassidy 1994). The data gave demonstrates that whatever is left of their ventures, for example, offer portfolio that produces profit wage stay in Chile. Kit will, along these lines, have the capacity to guarantee the negative equipping on the property they claim with his better half abroad against his Australian income (Ewing 2010). Negative outfitting follows where Kit's expense of holding property surpass his income from it, for example, rent. He can and also assert the interest costs caused for the outside property as obligation reasoning (Carbone 2010). Kit additionally gets revenues from the offshore trust which is assessable as a component of his Australian duty. Kit and his wife likewise own a joint bank account in Westpac Bank, which likewise gives them an interest pay. Kit, therefore, earns income from the interest that the Bank pay on the cash deposits in the Westpac Bank. The income from the bank is, therefore, a critical source of income for Kit. Depositin g more money in the bank will give Kit and his family more accruals which will earn them income. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 The ruling of this case was given by the Lord Justice Clerk that has made a point of reference or guideline in the determination of resulting cases. The settled guideline was that in tending to the issues of Income Tax, in cases in which the proprietor of the common venture chooses to acknowledge it, and gets a higher cost for the same past the initially acquired cost, there expanded cost does not sum to benefit which is assessable to Income Tax. The judge set up that the improved qualities obtained from the acknowledgment and also the change of the securities could be so assessable whereby whatever is done is not simply an acknowledgment or modification of the speculation (Pillai 2013). For this situation, what is done could be what is really the going ahead or out of an organization. Every case is, in this manner, tended to in light of the truths since it was trying to characterize the line which isolates the two classes of cases. The purpose of the center is, along these lines, to decide the total of the advantages which has been accomplished an insignificant improvement of qualities through the acknowledgment of the asset. The other purpose of the center is to figure out if the upgrade of value is an addition made in an operation of the organization in the endeavor plan of benefit era. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 This case went for deciding the issue of corporate income and also regardless of whether the subdivision nearby offers of land which had been used as a mine by the Scottish Australian Mining Company was assessable as assessable income or was a merely acknowledgment of a capital resource. The ruling was that a citizen's activities were never viewed as close to the acknowledgment of the capital resource. The unimportant acknowledgment of property at a benefit does not naturally render the benefit assessable. The benefit needs to rise up out of undertaking a business or a benefit producing a plan (Young 2007). The small extent of the acknowledgment does not consequently change over such a benefit into a business, plan or undertaking (Hamilton and Downie 2008). The size of the acknowledgment activities is a proper issue to be considered in the determination of the way of the acknowledgment. It is useful to the determination of whether the truths warrant an insignificant acknowledgment of a benefit making, capital resource, and business action. Statham and Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The Court was contented that the proprietors did not take part in the matter of offering land after applying different standards of law to set up the certainties. The Court ruled that the acknowledgment of the land through deal did not sum to wage being earned by the proprietors for subsections 25(1). The Court additionally held the perspective that it was not an instance of benefit which rose up out of the continuing or completing any benefit producing plan or undertaking. The Court was fulfilled past any sensible uncertainty that the actualities that what unfolded were an unimportant acknowledgment of the benefit which the proprietors had on their properties at the time they relinquished the goal of cultivating the citizen property. The candidate's allure against the wage charge forced for the wage year 1982 must be allowed. The Court made three requests. The initial request was the appeal permitted, and the protest against evaluation was maintained. The second request was that the Commissioner was to pay the expense of claim acquired by the candidates. FC of T v Whitfords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR The issue that was to be resolved for this situation identified with whether the benefits were assessable pay off the citizen. If such an impact be ruled for the Commissioner, extra inquiries emerge. For instance, whether the land stayed focused on a benefit making a plan or undertaking in 1967 or at a later time. Another issue that emerges is whether the land was totally dedicated, or submitted piece by piece as the subdivision or created took after. The gatherings to this case were in understanding that noting the main issue in backing of the Commissioner would be desirable over transmit the inquiry to the Federal Court to permit the backup issue to be tended to. It was held that any benefit created from the offer of an advantage could be dealt with as assessable income under the Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936. In this way, ought to the benefit be considered as income in accordance with the customary use and ideas of mankind, such benefit would stay assessable under sec. 25 (1) of the Act. Plainly the citizen utilized the land as a capital of the endeavor to make the returns of that specific business assessable income under the comprehension of sec. 25 of the Act. The advance was discarded by this conclusion since it was the aim of the Commissioner that such benefits delighted in by the citizen were assessable pay as accommodated in sec. 25. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 The Court embraced the feeling that it was apparent that the sum got by the Company, despite that it was gotten because of a solitary and in addition a sense, prohibited exchange, and stayed assessable wage in view of the common ideas. Once the finding costs caused in the procurement of the land, the additional was properly conveyed to assessment. The judges considered the topic of the use of the second limb of section 26 (a) to figure out if it was fundamental for the citizen to have predominant motivation behind the benefit creating through the deal preceding the use of the second limb (UNDER 2008). In the court's sentiment that citizen to the different accommodation promptly to be tended to, on the premise of the actualities found by the Tribunal, the powers focuses to the decision that surplus rising out of the offer of the land was a benefit earned because of the continuing or out of benefit creating plan by the Company with the outcome that the measure of the surplus was succes sfully conveyed to assess compliant with the second limb of section 26 (a). The court held that the necessary procurement was an achievement of the possible motivation behind the Company on the land. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 The choice of the Court was that any understand an addition on the offer of the land should be a capital increase. The determination of whether the Rulee's exercises concerning the subdivision of land amounts to a business or business exchange with a goal to produce benefits (Carbone, 2010). It ought to likewise concentrate on figuring out if the Rulee's activities are no more the acknowledgment of the capital resource (Hart, 2007). For this situation, the land was at first obtained and in this way used for cultivating purposes for quite a long while before being subdivided. This case showcases that in connections in which the benefit making goal is truant (by resale) where the property was gotten, the likelihood of any benefit acknowledged on a definitive offer of the hidden land by respected by legal powers to be wage in view of the normal terms is exceedingly rejected (Cassidy, 1994). The citizen for this situation sold a large piece of his property through eight unmistakable subd ivisions. The land had initially been obtained in two unmistakable land acquisitions in 1950's. These subdivisions were accordingly embraced more than 20 years and propelled by the citizen's obligation and sick wellbeing. It was held by the Federal Court that the citizen did not embrace the matter of subdividing and also offering land. The Commissioner concurred that the exercises of the Rulee were close to the acknowledgment of any capital resource. Likewise, any acknowledged advantages on the exchange will be a capital addition as accommodated in subsection 104-100 (4) of the ITAA 1997. McCurry and Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The court held that the evaluation was appropriate and, along these lines, the application must be rejected. The court requested that the application be rejected with the expenses. The choice depended on the dispute set forth by the bookkeeper which did not accord with the Bradley and Brett's McCurry proof in the procedure. It, consequently, gave the idea that this dispute was the wellspring of the concession that the increases or benefit emerging from unit one was assessable pay. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 The Court held that this organization existed only for the reasons for undertaking the business. The citizen obtained colossally to buy five huge squares of land and along these lines embraced cultivating on it and sold some segment of the land. The court decided that the citizen was assessable on the benefits since he was attempting business of land improvement. The aim of the citizen was simply to use the land in any event some period as a ranch. The citizen realized that he was conferred fiscally to his loan creditors and, in this manner he would have certain segment of the land to reimburse his obligations (Black 2012). The courts likewise considered an unfathomable scope of components in the determination of regardless of whether a citizen was carrying on a business nearby the scale and size of the exercises he locked in. The court likewise evaluated whether such exercises were done in both precise and business premise. References Black, S.T., 2012. Capital Gains Jabberwocky: Capital Gain, Intangible Property, and Tax. Hofstra Law Review, 41(2), p.5. Carbone, D. 2010. An Extraordinary Concept of Ordinary Income? The Significance of FCT v Montgomery on What is Income According to Ordinary Concepts. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1), 1. Cassidy, J. 1994. The Taxation of Isolated Sales under Section 25 (1) ITAA: TR 93/2 v Joint Submission. Revenue Law Journal, 4(1), 2. Ewing, R. 2010. The arts and Australian education: realising potential. Camberwell, Vic, ACER Press. Hamilton, C. and Downie, C., 2008. The state of the Australian middle class. Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 2(3), p.1. Hart, G. 2007. The Limited Impact Of Whitfords Beach In Urban Land Development. Revenue Law Journal, 17(1), 4. Manyam, J. 2011. Taxation Of Gains From Banking and Insurance Businesses In New Zealand. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1), 6. Meldman, R.E. and Weine, N.S., 1976. Federal Tax Consequences of Ordinary Transactions in Real Estate. Marq. L. Rev., 60, p.61. Ola, C. S. 2012. Income tax law for corporate and unincorporated bodies in Nigeria. Heinemann Educational Books. Pillai, S. 2012. Non-immigrants, non-aliens and people of the commonwealth: Australian constitutional citizenship revisited. Monash UL Rev., 39, 568. Pillai, S. 2013. Rights and Responsibilities of Australian Citizenship: A Legislative Analysis, The. Melb. UL Rev., 37, 736. Robertson, S. K. 2008. Residency, citizenship and belonging: choice and uncertainty for students-turned-migrants in Australia. IJAPS, 4(1), 97-119. Shaw, K. 2014. Internationalization in Australia and Canada: Lessons for the future. College Quarterly, 17(1), 5. Teo, S. T., Segal, N., Morgan, A. C., Kandlbinder, P., Wang, K. Y., Hingorani, A. 2012. Generic skills development and satisfaction with groupwork among business students: Effect of country of permanent residency. Education+ Training, 54(6), 472-487. UNDER, A. O. P. P. T. 2008. Yushau Shaikh Uthman Registration No: Llm/Law/37457/2002-2003 (Doctoral Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University). Young, N. J. 2007. Historical Significance of the High Court's Decision in Federal Commissioner of Taxation v the Myer Emporium Ltd, The. Melb. UL Rev., 31, 266.